Buddhism - A Very Short Introduction by Damien Keown - Chapter 8 (iii)

 Buddhism - A Very Short Introduction 

by Damien Keown - Chapter 8 (iii)

Chapter 8 - Ethics 

Summary and Critical Analysis by Bhante Sumitta

Summary

Buddhist ethical teachings, particularly the principle of ahimsa (non-violence), significantly impact its approach to contemporary moral issues like abortion. The Buddhist perspective on abortion is nuanced by the belief in rebirth, which frames life as a continuous cycle rather than a discrete event with a clear beginning. This perspective raises the question of whether abortion is considered a serious moral transgression or a less critical issue due to the belief that it merely postpones rebirth.

Traditional Buddhist sources generally regard abortion as morally wrong, similar to the killing of a human being at any stage of life, despite the belief in rebirth. Buddhism traditionally holds that individual human life begins at conception, a view that has persisted in many Buddhist societies. Consequently, in countries like Sri Lanka and Thailand, abortion is largely illegal except in cases where the mother's life is at risk. Conversely, in countries like Japan, where Buddhism has influence but is not the state religion, abortion is legal and widely practiced, highlighting a regional variation in attitudes.

Contemporary Buddhists, particularly in Western contexts, may adopt a more flexible stance on abortion. They argue that modern views on women's rights and gender equality, which were less pronounced in ancient societies, should inform current ethical considerations. Some Buddhists support a woman's right to choose and advocate for meditation and personal reflection to make decisions in alignment with one's conscience.

In Japan, a unique cultural response to the issue of abortion has emerged in the form of the mizuko kuyo, a memorial service for aborted children. This ritual involves honoring the lost child through ceremonies and offerings, helping families process their grief and acknowledge the loss. This practice reflects a blend of traditional Buddhist values with contemporary societal needs, influencing Western practices as well.

Critical Analysis

Buddhism's approach to abortion illustrates the complexity of applying ancient ethical principles to modern dilemmas. The belief in rebirth adds a distinctive dimension to the debate by challenging conventional notions of when life begins and the gravity of terminating it. While Buddhism traditionally views abortion as a serious moral issue due to the belief in life beginning at conception, the flexible application of ethical principles reflects an adaptive approach to contemporary concerns.

The traditional Buddhist stance aligns with a conservative view on abortion, emphasizing the sanctity of life and the continuity of existence through rebirth. This position upholds the moral seriousness of abortion but may seem rigid in the context of modern debates on women's rights and bodily autonomy. In contrast, the contemporary Buddhist perspective in the West, which supports a woman's right to choose, acknowledges evolving societal values and offers a more nuanced view that balances traditional ethics with contemporary issues.

The Japanese practice of mizuko kuyo presents an innovative and compassionate response to the abortion issue. By incorporating a ritualistic approach to honor aborted children, this practice addresses both the ethical and emotional dimensions of abortion. It provides a means for families to grieve and find closure, reflecting Buddhism's emphasis on compassion and understanding. This adaptation not only respects traditional values but also resonates with modern societal needs, demonstrating Buddhism's capacity to influence and integrate into diverse cultural contexts.

In summary, Buddhism's approach to abortion is shaped by its fundamental ethical teachings and the belief in rebirth. While traditional views emphasize the moral gravity of abortion, contemporary perspectives offer a more flexible interpretation in light of modern values. The development of practices like the mizuko kuyo highlights Buddhism's adaptive responses to ethical challenges, bridging traditional principles with contemporary concerns.