Buddhism, Health, and Disease by Pinit Ratanakul: A Critical Analysis
This article, authored by Pinit Ratanakul, Ph.D., Director of the College of Religious Studies at Mahidol University, delves into the Buddhist perspective on health and disease. Published in the Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics (2004), this analysis seeks to bridge traditional Buddhist viewpoints with modern healthcare discussions. Ratanakul’s work examines how Buddhism's concepts of dependent origination and kamma influence its understanding of health, proposing a comprehensive framework that integrates physical, mental, and social well-being. By juxtaposing these perspectives with contemporary medical models, the article aims to contribute meaningfully to the ongoing discourse on holistic health and well-being.
Abstract
This analysis explores Buddhism’s conceptualization of health and disease, focusing on the holistic and interdependent nature of these phenomena as framed by Buddhist teachings. By examining the Buddhist perspectives on dependent origination and kamma, the discussion highlights the comprehensive approach Buddhism takes towards health, contrasting it with more segmented medical viewpoints.
Introduction
Health and disease are fundamental aspects of human existence that religions often address. Buddhism, with its extensive history and influence on medical practice and theory, provides a unique perspective on these issues. This paper offers an introduction to Buddhist views on health and disease, aiming to contribute to the broader discussion on defining health and the role of healthcare professionals.
The Buddhist Worldview: Dependent Origination and Kamma
The Buddhist worldview is rooted in the principle of dependent origination, which posits that all phenomena are interconnected through a causal nexus (Buddhadasa, 1992). This principle underscores the interdependence of physical, psychological, and moral realms. Buddhism also emphasizes the law of kamma, which links deeds with their consequences, reflecting a non-deterministic view of causality (Rahula, 1974). This perspective suggests that while past actions influence current conditions, individuals can alter their future through present actions.
Health and Disease in Buddhism
Health, from a Buddhist perspective, encompasses a holistic view of well-being, integrating physical, mental, social, and environmental factors. Disease is seen as a manifestation of disrupted harmony within this holistic framework (Harvey, 1990). Healing involves restoring this balance rather than merely addressing symptoms (Swearer, 1995). Additionally, kamma plays a significant role in understanding health, linking moral behavior to health outcomes (Keown, 2005). However, Buddhism advises against fatalism and encourages practical treatment while recognizing the limitations of understanding kamma’s impact on health (Gethin, 1998).
The Body and Physical Health
Buddhism views the body as both a manifestation of past kamma and a tool for spiritual development (Bodhi, 2005). Physical health is seen as the result of balanced functioning of bodily elements, with disease indicating a disturbance in this equilibrium (Nyanaponika, 1986). Buddhism advocates for maintaining bodily health through moderation and avoiding extremes, aligning with its holistic view of health (Bodhi, 2005).
The Mind and Mental Health
The mind holds a central place in Buddhist health philosophy. According to the Dhammapada, thoughts shape our reality and well-being (Buddhadasa, 1992). Mental health is attained through correct understanding and control of thoughts, with meditation playing a crucial role in fostering wholesome mental states (Gethin, 1998). Buddhism recognizes the interdependence of mind and body, asserting that a healthy mind contributes significantly to overall health (Harvey, 1990).
Conclusion
Buddhism presents a comprehensive approach to health and disease, integrating physical, mental, and social dimensions into its framework. This holistic view contrasts with more narrowly defined medical models and emphasizes the interconnectedness of all aspects of human life. While challenging to fully realize within conventional healthcare, Buddhism’s approach offers valuable insights into achieving holistic well-being.
Reference:
Original Article - Pinit Ratanakul, Ph.D., “Buddhism, Health, and Disease,” Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 15 (2004): 162-64. Director of the College of Religious Studies, Mahidol University, Salaya, Puthamoltoll 4, Nakornpathom, 73170, Bangkok, Thailand. Email: pinitratanakul2@hotmail.com. https://www.eubios.info/EJ145/ej145b.htm
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